OMCT research confirms that torture and other forms of ill-treatment are widespread at every stage of migration, in countries of origin (often a trigger for migration), along the migration route, and in destination countries, at the hands of state actors, or by being exposed to violence from non-state actors. Torture and other forms of ill-treatment can look manifold, including kicking, punching, caning, humiliation, racial insults, threats, sexual violence, poor conditions of detention including overcrowding, and lack of (or delayed access to) medical care, food, drinking water and sanitation facilities. Other recognized forms of torture and ill-treatment include incommunicado detention and/or prolonged solitary confinement; as well as expulsion, return or extradition to another state where there is a risk of torture or ill-treatment. Rape and other forms of sexual violence have also been recognized as equivalent to torture. Threats or actual forced witnessing of the torture of others are psychological torture. These types of violations undermine the full and effective enjoyment of the rights of people on the move.